A B S T R A C T Transformations such as globalization, the contiguity of geographical spaces, as well as developments in the field of military technologies have transformed the issue of defense as the main factor for the survival of countries. Because the transformation from hard to soft war and then the smart war in recent decades has changed the approaches to defense. These transformations have led to the development of discussions about defense purposes. Meanwhile, Middle East countries have a prominent position and importance in terms of defense due to their special conditions. This article has tried to investigate the basic dimensions affecting the defense of foreign countries with descriptive and analytical methods, using library and field findings and Smart-PLS software. The results of the current research show that the effective components in the current research include 130 items that are placed in the form of 15 dimensions. The importance of these dimensions in defense of the Middle East countries is, respectively, geopolitical dimension with a 0.43 score, military dimension with a 0.41 score, economic dimension with a 0.41 score, political dimension with a 0.39 score, hydrology dimension with a 0.34 score, security dimension with a 0.32 score, social dimension with a 0.29 score, demographic dimension with a 0.28 score, cultural dimension with a 0.26 score, scientific-health dimension with a 0.25 score, geomorphological dimension with a 0.25 score, mathematical dimension with a 0.2 score, climatic dimension with a 0.2 score, biological dimension with a 0.2 score and soil dimension with a 0.18 score. Extended Abstract Introduction Security and defense are among the most vital issues for the preservation and survival of countries. In fact, defense and military affairs are necessary for countries' independence and political, cultural and economic development. Among them, geography and political geography are prominent fields that directly affect defense issues. Actions taken by a country in dimensions (political, military, economic, etc.) in order to maintain security and territorial integrity, guarantee independence and protection of its people against any enemy attack, will organize the geographical (spatial) environment, wise and appropriate distribution of critical places and sensitive centers and infrastructures are identified by taking into account the threats and the correct use of environmental capacities in political, economic, social, cultural, etc. dimensions, and as a result, it can lead to stability and stability in the country's geographical space. The design of defense planning model according to the economic, cultural, political and environmental features in the new era when countries are facing external and internal threats as a sub-branch of territorial planning has received the attention and importance of officials and governance systems in order to be able to reduce these threats with accurate and systematic planning in the geographical space, defense planning is not separate from the flow of national and regional planning. It is important to pay attention to it based on the type and amount of external and internal threats to governance. Due to the expansion of the security circle, the government is not only responsible for creating military security. However, it must also exercise part of its authority in the direction of territorial management. On the other hand, there has been a transformation in the form of threats and wars based on changes and the movement from hard to soft war and finally, smart war is the basis for reviewing and recognizing the components that can be used in defense of countries, including the Middle East countries, have a prominent position and importance. Despite the internal differences between countries, the Middle East has commonalities and connections that can directly affect the overall defense of this geographical space.   Methodology In terms of type and purpose, the current research is fundamentally applied. Also, it is descriptive and analytical in terms of nature. This research, in addition to the correct and realistic depiction of the defense situation of the Middle East countries, it is tried to provide a suitable model for the defense of the countries. The sources used in the current research are library and field sources (questionnaires). According to the subject of the current research, the statistical population of this research is a collection of people, experts and elites who have sufficient knowledge, experience and expertise regarding the research topic, which is the design of the defense model, according to the nature of the Delphi pattern model, at least the statistical population based on the sources should be between twenty and fifty people to reach statistical saturation. The number of selected samples included 51 people who were identified in the form of a non-random sampling pattern and introduced as a statistical sample in the framework of the Delphi model. Due to the qualitative nature of this research, it has been tried to use the Delphi model in the framework of the targeted non-random model. Therefore, based on these cases, the current research has selected the maximum statistical population of 51 elites, experts, and opinionated people in this field. In this research, to evaluate the research hypotheses in the form of the hardness equations model, the partial least squares method and the SMART-PLS software, which is a variance-based path modeling technique and provides the possibility of checking the theory and metrics simultaneously, have been exerted.   Results and discussion In this research, approaches such as political, military, cultural, etc., in the field of land use have been discussed. In the meantime, the defense of countries as an emerging approach is significant. According to the developments in geographical spaces, such as the evolution of military-defense technologies, the connection of geographical spaces to each other and most importantly, the movement from hard and soft war to smart war has witnessed a transformation and wide attention in a way that countries are suited to these developments are trying to prepare the geographical space of their country in terms of defense. Therefore, the defense planning of the Middle East countries as a geographical region has great importance from a geopolitical and strategic point of view, which indicates that the countries of this region face threats and complex defense-security issues in different ways.   Conclusion The results of the present research show that the defense planning in developing countries should be considered according to their characteristics, considering all 15 dimensions, which include 130 components. In the design of the defense planning of these countries, attention should be paid to the weight and importance of the shaping dimensions. In general, it can be said that the defense planning of the Middle East countries is proportional to the geographical features of these countries and on the other hand, considering the developments in the field of threats and moving from hard to smart war, 15 dimensions should be considered for the defense of these countries.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The present article seeks to explain the various hypotheses in which the defender can stand against the attack and defend him or others, despite the possibility of escape, by using the descriptive-analytical method and using the resources of existing libraries, both internal and external. Reflecting on jurisprudential sources as well as the laws of other countries, it becomes clear that none of them had an absolute permissible or negative approach to the issue of the Right to escape in legitimate defense and tried to impose the "principle" on the necessity of escape if possible, but each Depending on the location and time, and even the personality of the defender and the attacker, exceptions have been made. In addition, in any of the jurisprudential texts or foreign sources, the defender is obliged to flee when the conditions for a "safe escape" exist for him. It is worthwhile for the Iranian legislator, while reforming the legal status of self-defense, to specify the various assumptions and cases of the possibility of escape and to determine the legal ruling of each.

The Right to defense is a cornerstone of Fair Trial. When the defense Section (defendant and his or her counsel) from one hand and the Prosecution Section (Prosecutor and victims) from the other hand,Take part in an adversarial proceeding and finally the case be adjudicated by independent and impartial judges, then we can enumerate this process as a Fair Trial.The Right to defense has been recognized by international and regional human Rights instruments and interpreted and commented by observer bodies.Meanwhile it has been guaranteed by domestic laws in many countries.Afghan new codes, emphasized on recognition of the above Right too.This article discuss the Right to defense in international human Rights instruments and being guaranteed of it by Afghan laws, comparatively.

One of the important issues that is seriously raised in legal circles and courts is the correctness or incorrectness of obtaining the Right of attorneys, in case of defending the unjust claim from the perspective of jurisprudence and law. What has been examined in the present paper is whether the power of attorney is legitimate in defending the false claim and the Right of attorney arising from it? Imami jurists agree on its sanctity. With this explanation, in jurisprudence and law, it can be respected from several perspectives-both in terms of power of attorney and in terms of power of attorney. This research has dealt with this issue based on the analytical-descriptive method and after expressing the opinions and explaining the opinions of the jurists, it was concluded that accepting a power of attorney to defend a false claim and obtaining a power of attorney is forbidden,Because the obvious example is the possession of property in vain and the protection of sin. Therefore, it is appropriate for the legislator to impose a legal prohibition in this regard by enacting a single definite article, and the law should be approved in accordance with the issue.

One of the significant theories for justifying self-defense that leads to the death of the aggressor is the Right-based theory which has been put forward by the contemporary moral philosopher Judith Jarvis Thomson. According to this theory, the central core of the morality and justifiability of self-defense leading to death is that by perpetrating the unjustified deed, the aggressor loses the Right not to be killed by others, so the defender can defend himself without violating any Rights of the aggressor. One of the main objections that can be raised against this theory is that if the aggressor loses his Right not to be killed by attacking the victim/ defender, how can the defender be bound by the constraints of necessity and proportionality in his defense? The proponents of this theory have not been able to give a satisfactory answer to this objection,due to this and some other objections that have been raised against this theory, it cannot be considered a comprehensive theory for justifying self-defense.

Introduction: Arbitration has a contractual nature and is subject to the sovereignty of the will of the parties, but in some cases, the legislator imposed the referral of claims to arbitration on the will of the parties and caused the contractual nature of the arbitration clause to disappear or be limited. By doing this, he has placed the arbitration outside the will of the parties. This issue causes some moral conflicts in the discussion of compulsory arbitration. Therefore, this research has been done with the purpose of examining the position of compulsory arbitration in Iran's legal system and the ethical challenges in it with a descriptive-analytical approach. Material and Methods: The research was a review method, in order to achieve the goal of the research, in addition to electronic education books and virtual education in this field, articles related to the research keywords from 2004 to 2022 from the databases of Civilica, Magiran, Sid, Researchgate, Science direct, was reviewed Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that compulsory arbitration in Iran has ethical challenges in the field of implementation and interpretation, the most important of which is the issue of the Right to action and judicial justice. In the context of ambiguities in mandatory arbitration, even if the method of arbitration becomes ambiguous, the arbitrator has the duty to find out the will of the legislator with the principles and rules of interpretation, which creates a moral conflict for the arbitrator.

"Right to defense “ and "Openness” are important Rights of citizens at the tax trial. In the British legal system inspired by old ideas “ Procedural fairness" and "natural justice" primarily observation of these Rights with other concepts and principles of a fair trial, was devoted to civil and criminal matters. with development of human Rights approach and efforts of judges, particularly from the nineteenth century onwards, has become an undeniable necessity, observation of these criteria in administrative proceedings, including the tax authorities. Right to defense incorporated in regulation of tax tribunals an in the tax trials with all component and principle is openness. In the Iranian legal system, elements of Right to defense have faults significant and some of them don’ t recognition for taxpayers. About openness not mention in Tax dispute resolution commission trails and supreme council tax as authorities of special administrative trial, too and about procedural review on tax trials by administrative court of justice procedure is closed. Shortcomings in Iran legal system is basic defect about fairness of tax trials and it is essential to legislature think of about recognition and incorporated whole components of Right to defense and openness in tax trials.

ABSTRACT Right to the city is one of the most important citizenship Rights that can be reduced for women under different circumstances. In this mixed research, with in-depth and semi-structured interviews, a conceptual model has been presented to explain the causal, contextual and interventional conditions effectively reducing women's Right to the city. Then, with the structural equation modeling, the causal conditions affecting the Right to the city have been investigated. Family, ethnicity, and physical and mental conditions were the most important background conditions that 32 women living in Ahvaz pointed to in order to influence the Right to the city. Also, the participants considered politics and government institutions, law, and spatial policies as the most important intervention in the women's Right to the city. City security, favorable actions with the city space, space-positive gender performance, and social welfare were among the most important causal conditions that the participants mentioned in increasing women's Right to the city. Causal modeling showed that the most influential reason for reducing women's Right to the city of Ahvaz is urban space security, followed by urban policies and designs. By multiplying the causal path, it is 0.84, followed by urban planning and design with a coefficient of 0.79. Governmental and executive institutions should pay more attention to women's Right to the city through the establishment of better laws, the design of suitable spaces with individual differences, especially gender, and, of course, with an emphasis on women. The creation of safer places in the city for women while increasing the livability of the city for citizens improves women's Rights in urban spaces Extended abstract Introduction The Right to the city is a universal Right consisting of several instances. Since the Right to the city enables the city inhabitants to access and enjoy the urban life benefits freely, it is tantamount to the Right to freedom. The Right to the city, the Right to freedom of building and rebuilding cities, is one of the most valuable and, at the same time, the most neglected human Rights. Among governments, NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) and political activists in all scales, the Right to the city is often conceived in a legal meaning. In this sense, the Right to city includes a set of distinct Rights to urban resources and services, shelter, public space, clean water, and education that must be available to all, regardless of social or economic status, the bearers of such Rights are urban dwellers and their guarantor is the government. This legal conception of the Right to the city emphasizes universal and individual Rights in the global liberal institutional order. The ultimate normative purpose of a legal Right to the city is that the government legally encodes and enforces the set of Rights constituting the Right to the city. Justice and equality have been considered since long ago; however, injustice and discrimination are still visible in cities. Among all kinds of injustices and discrimination, gender equality has been a subject marginalized in all ages. In Iran, the need for urban spaces for women in accordance with the civil needs of citizens in daily life is felt. In Iran, factors such as various types of urban violence and insecurity, which generally make women victims, have reduced the possibility and desire for their presence and participation in public. Because the spatial, temporal, official and unofficial divisions in the city have caused some spaces to remain far from the reach of women. In this research, we intend to deal with the most important factors that cause women not to enjoy one of their most essential human Rights, which is the Right to the city.   Methodology This research, which is practical in terms of purpose, has been done with a confirmatory mixed method; first, it tried to present the most important contextual, interventional, and causal factors effective in reducing the Right to the city of women in the form of a conceptual model by the approach of grounded theory, and then confirming the defined causal structure with the help of structural equations modeling. The population in this research is Iranian women who are exposed to gender injustice and do not have the Right to a desirable city. Research participants have a deep experience of undermining their Right to the city and are interested in sharing it and cooperating with the researcher. Sampling was purposefully selected from women with the least amount of the Right to the city. The qualitative sample of the research was 32 people, and the quantitative sample was 420 people. Due to the mixed nature of the research and the use of the data-driven theory approach and, afterwards, structural equations to collect the data, the interview was used in the qualitative phase and questionnaires in the quantitative phase. The interviews were done in-depth, face-to-face and semi-structured. The open-ended interview questions were conducted in a calm environment without the presence of a third person, and the time of the interviews varied according to the conditions of the interviewee. The questionnaire used in the research has ascertained an instrument that evaluates the contextual and causal components and factors related to the Right to the city in the form of self-declaration items. The data obtained from the interview, after being implemented in the form of text, were analyzed and classified with the help of directed content analysis. In order to investigate the causal structure of the Right to the city, structural equation modeling would have been helpful. Analyzes were performed with the help of LISREL 8.8. To estimate the causal path coefficients, the iterated maximum likelihood method was used and the overall fit of the causal structure model of women’s Right to the city was carried out by Chi-square statistic. And, of course, the most important fit indexes of the model, such as absolute fit indexes, incremental fit indexes and Parsimonious Normed Fit Indexes (PNFI).   Results and discussion Directed content analysis helped us to identify the factors reducing the Right to the city and its subclasses of Iranian women. Conditions affecting women's Right to the city are divided into underlying conditions, causal conditions, and intervening conditions. The most critical underlying conditions were family, age, ethnicity, and physical and mental characteristics. At the same time, environment security, urban actions, social welfare, and space gender functions constituted the essential intervening conditions, and politics, governmental institutions, law, and city spatial policies included the most important intervening conditions. Causal modeling also showed that the factors influencing women's Right to the city are the most influential to the least influential in the form of (1) security of the city environment, (2) urban policy-making, (3) gender function of space, and (4) interaction with the city. Security is one of the most important and influential factors that can decrease or increase the Right to the city for women.   Conclusion The Right to the city, which is considered one of the most fundamental Rights of citizens, is trampled or reaches its lowest level due to underlying reasons such as the gender of individuals or their families. In this case, women are more vulnerable than the men. In such a way, causal conditions such as environmental security or urban actions and, of course, welfare have made this gender difference in the use of city space deeper and more complicated. Meanwhile, the role of governments and sovereignty in legislation and policies should not be neglected to reduce the Right to city for women. Our explicit suggestion is for governmental institutions and executive agencies to pay more attention to women’s Right to the city through the establishment of better laws, the design of more suitable spaces in the city, the design of urban spaces away from any gender discrimination only with the view of equal access for all and the creation of safer places for the women living in Ahvaz.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific.

Undoubtedly, the Right to life is the most important of all Rights. Regarding this point, the fundamental question is, who has the authority to make laws and take action resulting in humans being killed? In response to this question, in this paper, I aim to defend the thesis that only God has the (moral/legal/religious) authority to make and issue the laws surrounding life and death. So, it is rational to believe that the Right to life is restrictively a Divine Right and not a human Right. The paper is organized as follows: after introducing some elementary points and definitions, two arguments in favor of the above thesis will be formulated. In the first argument, by laying out some thought experiments, it is shown that human laws concerning civilians’ life are paradoxical and implausible. The second argument is based on exploring the origin of the Right to life. In the last part of the paper, some implications and advantages of the favored thesis will be stated in brief.